Ad Astra
M☉ Notation
Unit of measurement in
astronomy called the solar mass.
- M stands for Mass
- ☉ Astronomical Symbol/Sun
- 1 M☉, Benchmark unit
- Equal to mass of our Sun
The Sun
(NASA/ESA)
Spirograph Nebula
(NASA/ESA)
Hourglass Nebula
(NASA/ESA)
Pulsar
Star Classification: Exotic/Remnant
Luminosity Classification: Power based
Temperature (K) : 1000000
Mass: 1.44–2.2 M☉ (up to the Tolman-Oppenheimer-Vokoff limit of ≈ 2.9 M☉)
Elemental Composition: Primarily neutrons, minor presence of protons, electrons, iron in its crust
Description: Rapidly rotating neutron stars that emit beams of electromagnetic radiation from their magnetic poles
Birth: Formed when a massive star goes supernova and its core collapses into a neutron star
Life: "Rapidly spinning neutron star emitting beams of radiation from magnetic poles; pulses appear when beams sweep past Earth
☠️ Death: Gradual spin‑down as rotational energy is lost
Reincarnation: May evolve into a slower neutron star or merge into a black hole
Example: Crab Pulsar, Vela Pulsar
Luminosity Classes
Added to spectral types.
Indicates size & brightness:
- 0 or Ia+: Hypergiants
- I (Ia, Ib): Supergiants
- II: Bright Giants
- III: Regular Giants
- IV:Subgiants
- V: Main Sequence
- VI (sd): Subdwarfs
- D (VII): White Dwarfs
Galaxy in Orange
(Wiki Images)
Wolf-Rayet Star
(NASA/ESA)
Planetary Nebula (PN K 4-55)
(NASA/ESA)
